numeric.c

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/**********************************************************************

  numeric.c -

  $Author: usa $
  created at: Fri Aug 13 18:33:09 JST 1993

  Copyright (C) 1993-2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto

**********************************************************************/

#include "ruby/ruby.h"
#include "ruby/encoding.h"
#include "ruby/util.h"
#include "internal.h"
#include "id.h"
#include <ctype.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>

#if defined(__FreeBSD__) && __FreeBSD__ < 4
#include <floatingpoint.h>
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_FLOAT_H
#include <float.h>
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_IEEEFP_H
#include <ieeefp.h>
#endif

#if !defined HAVE_ISFINITE && !defined isfinite
#if defined HAVE_FINITE && !defined finite && !defined _WIN32
extern int finite(double);
# define HAVE_ISFINITE 1
# define isfinite(x) finite(x)
#endif
#endif

/* use IEEE 64bit values if not defined */
#ifndef FLT_RADIX
#define FLT_RADIX 2
#endif
#ifndef FLT_ROUNDS
#define FLT_ROUNDS 1
#endif
#ifndef DBL_MIN
#define DBL_MIN 2.2250738585072014e-308
#endif
#ifndef DBL_MAX
#define DBL_MAX 1.7976931348623157e+308
#endif
#ifndef DBL_MIN_EXP
#define DBL_MIN_EXP (-1021)
#endif
#ifndef DBL_MAX_EXP
#define DBL_MAX_EXP 1024
#endif
#ifndef DBL_MIN_10_EXP
#define DBL_MIN_10_EXP (-307)
#endif
#ifndef DBL_MAX_10_EXP
#define DBL_MAX_10_EXP 308
#endif
#ifndef DBL_DIG
#define DBL_DIG 15
#endif
#ifndef DBL_MANT_DIG
#define DBL_MANT_DIG 53
#endif
#ifndef DBL_EPSILON
#define DBL_EPSILON 2.2204460492503131e-16
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_INFINITY
#elif !defined(WORDS_BIGENDIAN) /* BYTE_ORDER == LITTLE_ENDIAN */
const union bytesequence4_or_float rb_infinity = {{0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0x7f}};
#else
const union bytesequence4_or_float rb_infinity = {{0x7f, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00}};
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_NAN
#elif !defined(WORDS_BIGENDIAN) /* BYTE_ORDER == LITTLE_ENDIAN */
const union bytesequence4_or_float rb_nan = {{0x00, 0x00, 0xc0, 0x7f}};
#else
const union bytesequence4_or_float rb_nan = {{0x7f, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00}};
#endif

#ifndef HAVE_ROUND
double
round(double x)
{
    double f;

    if (x > 0.0) {
        f = floor(x);
        x = f + (x - f >= 0.5);
    }
    else if (x < 0.0) {
        f = ceil(x);
        x = f - (f - x >= 0.5);
    }
    return x;
}
#endif

static VALUE fix_uminus(VALUE num);
static VALUE fix_mul(VALUE x, VALUE y);
static VALUE int_pow(long x, unsigned long y);

static ID id_coerce, id_to_i, id_eq, id_div, id_cmp;

VALUE rb_cNumeric;
VALUE rb_cFloat;
VALUE rb_cInteger;
VALUE rb_cFixnum;

VALUE rb_eZeroDivError;
VALUE rb_eFloatDomainError;

static ID id_to, id_by;

void
rb_num_zerodiv(void)
{
    rb_raise(rb_eZeroDivError, "divided by 0");
}

/* experimental API */
int
rb_num_to_uint(VALUE val, unsigned int *ret)
{
#define NUMERR_TYPE     1
#define NUMERR_NEGATIVE 2
#define NUMERR_TOOLARGE 3
    if (FIXNUM_P(val)) {
        long v = FIX2LONG(val);
#if SIZEOF_INT < SIZEOF_LONG
        if (v > (long)UINT_MAX) return NUMERR_TOOLARGE;
#endif
        if (v < 0) return NUMERR_NEGATIVE;
        *ret = (unsigned int)v;
        return 0;
    }

    if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_BIGNUM)) {
        if (RBIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(val)) return NUMERR_NEGATIVE;
#if SIZEOF_INT < SIZEOF_LONG
        /* long is 64bit */
        return NUMERR_TOOLARGE;
#else
        /* long is 32bit */
        if (rb_absint_size(val, NULL) > sizeof(int)) return NUMERR_TOOLARGE;
        *ret = (unsigned int)rb_big2ulong((VALUE)val);
        return 0;
#endif
    }
    return NUMERR_TYPE;
}

#define method_basic_p(klass) rb_method_basic_definition_p(klass, mid)

static inline int
positive_int_p(VALUE num)
{
    const ID mid = '>';

    if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
        if (method_basic_p(rb_cFixnum))
            return (SIGNED_VALUE)num > 0;
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(num, T_BIGNUM)) {
        if (method_basic_p(rb_cBignum))
            return RBIGNUM_POSITIVE_P(num);
    }
    return RTEST(rb_funcall(num, mid, 1, INT2FIX(0)));
}

static inline int
negative_int_p(VALUE num)
{
    const ID mid = '<';

    if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
        if (method_basic_p(rb_cFixnum))
            return (SIGNED_VALUE)num < 0;
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(num, T_BIGNUM)) {
        if (method_basic_p(rb_cBignum))
            return RBIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(num);
    }
    return RTEST(rb_funcall(num, mid, 1, INT2FIX(0)));
}

int
rb_num_negative_p(VALUE num)
{
    return negative_int_p(num);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     num.coerce(numeric)  ->  array
 *
 *  If a +numeric is the same type as +num+, returns an array containing
 *  +numeric+ and +num+. Otherwise, returns an array with both a +numeric+ and
 *  +num+ represented as Float objects.
 *
 *  This coercion mechanism is used by Ruby to handle mixed-type numeric
 *  operations: it is intended to find a compatible common type between the two
 *  operands of the operator.
 *
 *     1.coerce(2.5)   #=> [2.5, 1.0]
 *     1.2.coerce(3)   #=> [3.0, 1.2]
 *     1.coerce(2)     #=> [2, 1]
 */

static VALUE
num_coerce(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (CLASS_OF(x) == CLASS_OF(y))
        return rb_assoc_new(y, x);
    x = rb_Float(x);
    y = rb_Float(y);
    return rb_assoc_new(y, x);
}

static VALUE
coerce_body(VALUE *x)
{
    return rb_funcall(x[1], id_coerce, 1, x[0]);
}

NORETURN(static void coerce_failed(VALUE x, VALUE y));
static void
coerce_failed(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(y) || BUILTIN_TYPE(y) == T_FLOAT) {
        y = rb_inspect(y);
    }
    else {
        y = rb_obj_class(y);
    }
    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "%"PRIsVALUE" can't be coerced into %"PRIsVALUE,
             y, rb_obj_class(x));
}

static VALUE
coerce_rescue(VALUE *x)
{
    coerce_failed(x[0], x[1]);
    return Qnil;                /* dummy */
}

static int
do_coerce(VALUE *x, VALUE *y, int err)
{
    VALUE ary;
    VALUE a[2];

    a[0] = *x; a[1] = *y;

    if (!rb_respond_to(*y, id_coerce)) {
        if (err) {
            coerce_rescue(a);
        }
        return FALSE;
    }

    ary = rb_rescue(coerce_body, (VALUE)a, err ? coerce_rescue : 0, (VALUE)a);
    if (!RB_TYPE_P(ary, T_ARRAY) || RARRAY_LEN(ary) != 2) {
        if (err) {
            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "coerce must return [x, y]");
        }
        return FALSE;
    }

    *x = RARRAY_AREF(ary, 0);
    *y = RARRAY_AREF(ary, 1);
    return TRUE;
}

VALUE
rb_num_coerce_bin(VALUE x, VALUE y, ID func)
{
    do_coerce(&x, &y, TRUE);
    return rb_funcall(x, func, 1, y);
}

VALUE
rb_num_coerce_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y, ID func)
{
    if (do_coerce(&x, &y, FALSE))
        return rb_funcall(x, func, 1, y);
    return Qnil;
}

VALUE
rb_num_coerce_relop(VALUE x, VALUE y, ID func)
{
    VALUE c, x0 = x, y0 = y;

    if (!do_coerce(&x, &y, FALSE) ||
        NIL_P(c = rb_funcall(x, func, 1, y))) {
        rb_cmperr(x0, y0);
        return Qnil;            /* not reached */
    }
    return c;
}

/*
 * Trap attempts to add methods to Numeric objects. Always raises a TypeError.
 *
 * Numerics should be values; singleton_methods should not be added to them.
 */

static VALUE
num_sadded(VALUE x, VALUE name)
{
    ID mid = rb_to_id(name);
    /* ruby_frame = ruby_frame->prev; */ /* pop frame for "singleton_method_added" */
    rb_remove_method_id(rb_singleton_class(x), mid);
    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError,
             "can't define singleton method \"%s\" for %s",
             rb_id2name(mid),
             rb_obj_classname(x));

    UNREACHABLE;
}

/*
 * Numerics are immutable values, which should not be copied.
 *
 * Any attempt to use this method on a Numeric will raise a TypeError.
 */
static VALUE
num_init_copy(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't copy %s", rb_obj_classname(x));

    UNREACHABLE;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     +num  ->  num
 *
 *  Unary Plus---Returns the receiver's value.
 */

static VALUE
num_uplus(VALUE num)
{
    return num;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     num.i  ->  Complex(0,num)
 *
 *  Returns the corresponding imaginary number.
 *  Not available for complex numbers.
 */

static VALUE
num_imaginary(VALUE num)
{
    return rb_complex_new(INT2FIX(0), num);
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     -num  ->  numeric
 *
 *  Unary Minus---Returns the receiver's value, negated.
 */

static VALUE
num_uminus(VALUE num)
{
    VALUE zero;

    zero = INT2FIX(0);
    do_coerce(&zero, &num, TRUE);

    return rb_funcall(zero, '-', 1, num);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     num.fdiv(numeric)  ->  float
 *
 *  Returns float division.
 */

static VALUE
num_fdiv(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    return rb_funcall(rb_Float(x), '/', 1, y);
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     num.div(numeric)  ->  integer
 *
 *  Uses +/+ to perform division, then converts the result to an integer.
 *  +numeric+ does not define the +/+ operator; this is left to subclasses.
 *
 *  Equivalent to <code>num.divmod(numeric)[0]</code>.
 *
 *  See Numeric#divmod.
 */

static VALUE
num_div(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (rb_equal(INT2FIX(0), y)) rb_num_zerodiv();
    return rb_funcall(rb_funcall(x, '/', 1, y), rb_intern("floor"), 0);
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     num.modulo(numeric)  ->  real
 *
 *     x.modulo(y) means x-y*(x/y).floor
 *
 *  Equivalent to <code>num.divmod(numeric)[1]</code>.
 *
 *  See Numeric#divmod.
 */

static VALUE
num_modulo(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    return rb_funcall(x, '-', 1,
                      rb_funcall(y, '*', 1,
                                 rb_funcall(x, rb_intern("div"), 1, y)));
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     num.remainder(numeric)  ->  real
 *
 *     x.remainder(y) means x-y*(x/y).truncate
 *
 *  See Numeric#divmod.
 */

static VALUE
num_remainder(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    VALUE z = rb_funcall(x, '%', 1, y);

    if ((!rb_equal(z, INT2FIX(0))) &&
        ((negative_int_p(x) &&
          positive_int_p(y)) ||
         (positive_int_p(x) &&
          negative_int_p(y)))) {
        return rb_funcall(z, '-', 1, y);
    }
    return z;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     num.divmod(numeric)  ->  array
 *
 *  Returns an array containing the quotient and modulus obtained by dividing
 *  +num+ by +numeric+.
 *
 *  If <code>q, r = * x.divmod(y)</code>, then
 *
 *      q = floor(x/y)
 *      x = q*y+r
 *
 *  The quotient is rounded toward -infinity, as shown in the following table:
 *
 *     a    |  b  |  a.divmod(b)  |   a/b   | a.modulo(b) | a.remainder(b)
 *    ------+-----+---------------+---------+-------------+---------------
 *     13   |  4  |   3,    1     |   3     |    1        |     1
 *    ------+-----+---------------+---------+-------------+---------------
 *     13   | -4  |  -4,   -3     |  -4     |   -3        |     1
 *    ------+-----+---------------+---------+-------------+---------------
 *    -13   |  4  |  -4,    3     |  -4     |    3        |    -1
 *    ------+-----+---------------+---------+-------------+---------------
 *    -13   | -4  |   3,   -1     |   3     |   -1        |    -1
 *    ------+-----+---------------+---------+-------------+---------------
 *     11.5 |  4  |   2,    3.5   |   2.875 |    3.5      |     3.5
 *    ------+-----+---------------+---------+-------------+---------------
 *     11.5 | -4  |  -3,   -0.5   |  -2.875 |   -0.5      |     3.5
 *    ------+-----+---------------+---------+-------------+---------------
 *    -11.5 |  4  |  -3,    0.5   |  -2.875 |    0.5      |    -3.5
 *    ------+-----+---------------+---------+-------------+---------------
 *    -11.5 | -4  |   2,   -3.5   |   2.875 |   -3.5      |    -3.5
 *
 *
 *  Examples
 *
 *     11.divmod(3)         #=> [3, 2]
 *     11.divmod(-3)        #=> [-4, -1]
 *     11.divmod(3.5)       #=> [3, 0.5]
 *     (-11).divmod(3.5)    #=> [-4, 3.0]
 *     (11.5).divmod(3.5)   #=> [3, 1.0]
 */

static VALUE
num_divmod(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    return rb_assoc_new(num_div(x, y), num_modulo(x, y));
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     num.real?  ->  true or false
 *
 *  Returns +true+ if +num+ is a Real number. (i.e. not Complex).
 */

static VALUE
num_real_p(VALUE num)
{
    return Qtrue;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     num.integer?  ->  true or false
 *
 *  Returns +true+ if +num+ is an Integer (including Fixnum and Bignum).
 *
 *      (1.0).integer? #=> false
 *      (1).integer?   #=> true
 */

static VALUE
num_int_p(VALUE num)
{
    return Qfalse;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     num.abs        ->  numeric
 *     num.magnitude  ->  numeric
 *
 *  Returns the absolute value of +num+.
 *
 *     12.abs         #=> 12
 *     (-34.56).abs   #=> 34.56
 *     -34.56.abs     #=> 34.56
 *
 *  Numeric#magnitude is an alias of Numeric#abs.
 */

static VALUE
num_abs(VALUE num)
{
    if (negative_int_p(num)) {
        return rb_funcall(num, rb_intern("-@"), 0);
    }
    return num;
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     num.zero?  ->  true or false
 *
 *  Returns +true+ if +num+ has a zero value.
 */

static VALUE
num_zero_p(VALUE num)
{
    if (rb_equal(num, INT2FIX(0))) {
        return Qtrue;
    }
    return Qfalse;
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     num.nonzero?  ->  self or nil
 *
 *  Returns +self+ if +num+ is not zero, +nil+ otherwise.
 *
 *  This behavior is useful when chaining comparisons:
 *
 *     a = %w( z Bb bB bb BB a aA Aa AA A )
 *     b = a.sort {|a,b| (a.downcase <=> b.downcase).nonzero? || a <=> b }
 *     b   #=> ["A", "a", "AA", "Aa", "aA", "BB", "Bb", "bB", "bb", "z"]
 */

static VALUE
num_nonzero_p(VALUE num)
{
    if (RTEST(rb_funcall(num, rb_intern("zero?"), 0, 0))) {
        return Qnil;
    }
    return num;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     num.to_int  ->  integer
 *
 *  Invokes the child class's +to_i+ method to convert +num+ to an integer.
 *
 *      1.0.class => Float
 *      1.0.to_int.class => Fixnum
 *      1.0.to_i.class => Fixnum
 */

static VALUE
num_to_int(VALUE num)
{
    return rb_funcall(num, id_to_i, 0, 0);
}


/********************************************************************
 *
 * Document-class: Float
 *
 *  Float objects represent inexact real numbers using the native
 *  architecture's double-precision floating point representation.
 *
 *  Floating point has a different arithmetic and is an inexact number.
 *  So you should know its esoteric system. see following:
 *
 *  - http://docs.sun.com/source/806-3568/ncg_goldberg.html
 *  - http://wiki.github.com/rdp/ruby_tutorials_core/ruby-talk-faq#wiki-floats_imprecise
 *  - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_point#Accuracy_problems
 */

VALUE
rb_float_new_in_heap(double d)
{
    NEWOBJ_OF(flt, struct RFloat, rb_cFloat, T_FLOAT | (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_FLOAT ? FL_WB_PROTECTED : 0));

    flt->float_value = d;
    OBJ_FREEZE(flt);
    return (VALUE)flt;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     float.to_s  ->  string
 *
 *  Returns a string containing a representation of self. As well as a fixed or
 *  exponential form of the +float+, the call may return +NaN+, +Infinity+, and
 *  +-Infinity+.
 */

static VALUE
flo_to_s(VALUE flt)
{
    char *ruby_dtoa(double d_, int mode, int ndigits, int *decpt, int *sign, char **rve);
    enum {decimal_mant = DBL_MANT_DIG-DBL_DIG};
    enum {float_dig = DBL_DIG+1};
    char buf[float_dig + (decimal_mant + CHAR_BIT - 1) / CHAR_BIT + 10];
    double value = RFLOAT_VALUE(flt);
    VALUE s;
    char *p, *e;
    int sign, decpt, digs;

    if (isinf(value))
        return rb_usascii_str_new2(value < 0 ? "-Infinity" : "Infinity");
    else if (isnan(value))
        return rb_usascii_str_new2("NaN");

    p = ruby_dtoa(value, 0, 0, &decpt, &sign, &e);
    s = sign ? rb_usascii_str_new_cstr("-") : rb_usascii_str_new(0, 0);
    if ((digs = (int)(e - p)) >= (int)sizeof(buf)) digs = (int)sizeof(buf) - 1;
    memcpy(buf, p, digs);
    xfree(p);
    if (decpt > 0) {
        if (decpt < digs) {
            memmove(buf + decpt + 1, buf + decpt, digs - decpt);
            buf[decpt] = '.';
            rb_str_cat(s, buf, digs + 1);
        }
        else if (decpt <= DBL_DIG) {
            long len;
            char *ptr;
            rb_str_cat(s, buf, digs);
            rb_str_resize(s, (len = RSTRING_LEN(s)) + decpt - digs + 2);
            ptr = RSTRING_PTR(s) + len;
            if (decpt > digs) {
                memset(ptr, '0', decpt - digs);
                ptr += decpt - digs;
            }
            memcpy(ptr, ".0", 2);
        }
        else {
            goto exp;
        }
    }
    else if (decpt > -4) {
        long len;
        char *ptr;
        rb_str_cat(s, "0.", 2);
        rb_str_resize(s, (len = RSTRING_LEN(s)) - decpt + digs);
        ptr = RSTRING_PTR(s);
        memset(ptr += len, '0', -decpt);
        memcpy(ptr -= decpt, buf, digs);
    }
    else {
      exp:
        if (digs > 1) {
            memmove(buf + 2, buf + 1, digs - 1);
        }
        else {
            buf[2] = '0';
            digs++;
        }
        buf[1] = '.';
        rb_str_cat(s, buf, digs + 1);
        rb_str_catf(s, "e%+03d", decpt - 1);
    }
    return s;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     float.coerce(numeric)  ->  array
 *
 *  Returns an array with both a +numeric+ and a +float+ represented as Float
 *  objects.
 *
 *  This is achieved by converting a +numeric+ to a Float.
 *
 *     1.2.coerce(3)       #=> [3.0, 1.2]
 *     2.5.coerce(1.1)     #=> [1.1, 2.5]
 */

static VALUE
flo_coerce(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    return rb_assoc_new(rb_Float(y), x);
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *    -float  ->  float
 *
 * Returns float, negated.
 */

static VALUE
flo_uminus(VALUE flt)
{
    return DBL2NUM(-RFLOAT_VALUE(flt));
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   float + other  ->  float
 *
 * Returns a new float which is the sum of +float+ and +other+.
 */

static VALUE
flo_plus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FIXNUM)) {
        return DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(x) + (double)FIX2LONG(y));
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        return DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(x) + rb_big2dbl(y));
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        return DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(x) + RFLOAT_VALUE(y));
    }
    else {
        return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, '+');
    }
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   float - other  ->  float
 *
 * Returns a new float which is the difference of +float+ and +other+.
 */

static VALUE
flo_minus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FIXNUM)) {
        return DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(x) - (double)FIX2LONG(y));
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        return DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(x) - rb_big2dbl(y));
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        return DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(x) - RFLOAT_VALUE(y));
    }
    else {
        return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, '-');
    }
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   float * other  ->  float
 *
 * Returns a new float which is the product of +float+ and +other+.
 */

static VALUE
flo_mul(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FIXNUM)) {
        return DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(x) * (double)FIX2LONG(y));
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        return DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(x) * rb_big2dbl(y));
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        return DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(x) * RFLOAT_VALUE(y));
    }
    else {
        return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, '*');
    }
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   float / other  ->  float
 *
 * Returns a new float which is the result of dividing +float+ by +other+.
 */

static VALUE
flo_div(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    long f_y;
    double d;

    if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FIXNUM)) {
        f_y = FIX2LONG(y);
        return DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(x) / (double)f_y);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        d = rb_big2dbl(y);
        return DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(x) / d);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        return DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(x) / RFLOAT_VALUE(y));
    }
    else {
        return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, '/');
    }
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     float.fdiv(numeric)  ->  float
 *     float.quo(numeric)  ->  float
 *
 *  Returns <code>float / numeric</code>, same as Float#/.
 */

static VALUE
flo_quo(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    return rb_funcall(x, '/', 1, y);
}

static void
flodivmod(double x, double y, double *divp, double *modp)
{
    double div, mod;

    if (y == 0.0) rb_num_zerodiv();
    if ((x == 0.0) || (isinf(y) && !isinf(x)))
        mod = x;
    else {
#ifdef HAVE_FMOD
        mod = fmod(x, y);
#else
        double z;

        modf(x/y, &z);
        mod = x - z * y;
#endif
    }
    if (isinf(x) && !isinf(y) && !isnan(y))
        div = x;
    else
        div = (x - mod) / y;
    if (y*mod < 0) {
        mod += y;
        div -= 1.0;
    }
    if (modp) *modp = mod;
    if (divp) *divp = div;
}

/*
 * Returns the modulo of division of x by y.
 * An error will be raised if y == 0.
 */

double
ruby_float_mod(double x, double y)
{
    double mod;
    flodivmod(x, y, 0, &mod);
    return mod;
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     float % other        ->  float
 *     float.modulo(other)  ->  float
 *
 *  Return the modulo after division of +float+ by +other+.
 *
 *     6543.21.modulo(137)      #=> 104.21
 *     6543.21.modulo(137.24)   #=> 92.9299999999996
 */

static VALUE
flo_mod(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    double fy;

    if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FIXNUM)) {
        fy = (double)FIX2LONG(y);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        fy = rb_big2dbl(y);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        fy = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
    }
    else {
        return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, '%');
    }
    return DBL2NUM(ruby_float_mod(RFLOAT_VALUE(x), fy));
}

static VALUE
dbl2ival(double d)
{
    d = round(d);
    if (FIXABLE(d)) {
        return LONG2FIX((long)d);
    }
    return rb_dbl2big(d);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     float.divmod(numeric)  ->  array
 *
 *  See Numeric#divmod.
 *
 *      42.0.divmod 6 #=> [7, 0.0]
 *      42.0.divmod 5 #=> [8, 2.0]
 */

static VALUE
flo_divmod(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    double fy, div, mod;
    volatile VALUE a, b;

    if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FIXNUM)) {
        fy = (double)FIX2LONG(y);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        fy = rb_big2dbl(y);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        fy = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
    }
    else {
        return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, rb_intern("divmod"));
    }
    flodivmod(RFLOAT_VALUE(x), fy, &div, &mod);
    a = dbl2ival(div);
    b = DBL2NUM(mod);
    return rb_assoc_new(a, b);
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *
 *  float ** other  ->  float
 *
 * Raises +float+ to the power of +other+.
 *
 *    2.0**3      #=> 8.0
 */

static VALUE
flo_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FIXNUM)) {
        return DBL2NUM(pow(RFLOAT_VALUE(x), (double)FIX2LONG(y)));
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        return DBL2NUM(pow(RFLOAT_VALUE(x), rb_big2dbl(y)));
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        {
            double dx = RFLOAT_VALUE(x);
            double dy = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
            if (dx < 0 && dy != round(dy))
                return rb_funcall(rb_complex_raw1(x), rb_intern("**"), 1, y);
            return DBL2NUM(pow(dx, dy));
        }
    }
    else {
        return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, rb_intern("**"));
    }
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     num.eql?(numeric)  ->  true or false
 *
 *  Returns +true+ if +num+ and +numeric+ are the same type and have equal
 *  values.
 *
 *     1 == 1.0          #=> true
 *     1.eql?(1.0)       #=> false
 *     (1.0).eql?(1.0)   #=> true
 */

static VALUE
num_eql(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (TYPE(x) != TYPE(y)) return Qfalse;

    return rb_equal(x, y);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     number <=> other  ->  0 or nil
 *
 *  Returns zero if +number+ equals +other+, otherwise +nil+ is returned if the
 *  two values are incomparable.
 */

static VALUE
num_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (x == y) return INT2FIX(0);
    return Qnil;
}

static VALUE
num_equal(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (x == y) return Qtrue;
    return rb_funcall(y, id_eq, 1, x);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     float == obj  ->  true or false
 *
 *  Returns +true+ only if +obj+ has the same value as +float+. Contrast this
 *  with Float#eql?, which requires obj to be a Float.
 *
 *  The result of <code>NaN == NaN</code> is undefined, so the
 *  implementation-dependent value is returned.
 *
 *     1.0 == 1   #=> true
 *
 */

static VALUE
flo_eq(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    volatile double a, b;

    if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FIXNUM) || RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        return rb_integer_float_eq(y, x);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        b = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1300
        if (isnan(b)) return Qfalse;
#endif
    }
    else {
        return num_equal(x, y);
    }
    a = RFLOAT_VALUE(x);
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1300
    if (isnan(a)) return Qfalse;
#endif
    return (a == b)?Qtrue:Qfalse;
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   float.hash  ->  integer
 *
 * Returns a hash code for this float.
 */

static VALUE
flo_hash(VALUE num)
{
    return rb_dbl_hash(RFLOAT_VALUE(num));
}

VALUE
rb_dbl_hash(double d)
{
    st_index_t hash;

    /* normalize -0.0 to 0.0 */
    if (d == 0.0) d = 0.0;
    hash = rb_memhash(&d, sizeof(d));
    return LONG2FIX(hash);
}

VALUE
rb_dbl_cmp(double a, double b)
{
    if (isnan(a) || isnan(b)) return Qnil;
    if (a == b) return INT2FIX(0);
    if (a > b) return INT2FIX(1);
    if (a < b) return INT2FIX(-1);
    return Qnil;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     float <=> real  ->  -1, 0, +1 or nil
 *
 *  Returns -1, 0, +1 or nil depending on whether +float+ is less than, equal
 *  to, or greater than +real+. This is the basis for the tests in Comparable.
 *
 *  The result of <code>NaN <=> NaN</code> is undefined, so the
 *  implementation-dependent value is returned.
 *
 *  +nil+ is returned if the two values are incomparable.
 */

static VALUE
flo_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    double a, b;
    VALUE i;

    a = RFLOAT_VALUE(x);
    if (isnan(a)) return Qnil;
    if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FIXNUM) || RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        VALUE rel = rb_integer_float_cmp(y, x);
        if (FIXNUM_P(rel))
            return INT2FIX(-FIX2INT(rel));
        return rel;
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        b = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
    }
    else {
        if (isinf(a) && (i = rb_check_funcall(y, rb_intern("infinite?"), 0, 0)) != Qundef) {
            if (RTEST(i)) {
                int j = rb_cmpint(i, x, y);
                j = (a > 0.0) ? (j > 0 ? 0 : +1) : (j < 0 ? 0 : -1);
                return INT2FIX(j);
            }
            if (a > 0.0) return INT2FIX(1);
            return INT2FIX(-1);
        }
        return rb_num_coerce_cmp(x, y, id_cmp);
    }
    return rb_dbl_cmp(a, b);
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   float > real  ->  true or false
 *
 * Returns +true+ if +float+ is greater than +real+.
 *
 * The result of <code>NaN > NaN</code> is undefined, so the
 * implementation-dependent value is returned.
 */

static VALUE
flo_gt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    double a, b;

    a = RFLOAT_VALUE(x);
    if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FIXNUM) || RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        VALUE rel = rb_integer_float_cmp(y, x);
        if (FIXNUM_P(rel))
            return -FIX2INT(rel) > 0 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
        return Qfalse;
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        b = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1300
        if (isnan(b)) return Qfalse;
#endif
    }
    else {
        return rb_num_coerce_relop(x, y, '>');
    }
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1300
    if (isnan(a)) return Qfalse;
#endif
    return (a > b)?Qtrue:Qfalse;
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   float >= real  ->  true or false
 *
 * Returns +true+ if +float+ is greater than or equal to +real+.
 *
 * The result of <code>NaN >= NaN</code> is undefined, so the
 * implementation-dependent value is returned.
 */

static VALUE
flo_ge(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    double a, b;

    a = RFLOAT_VALUE(x);
    if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FIXNUM) || RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        VALUE rel = rb_integer_float_cmp(y, x);
        if (FIXNUM_P(rel))
            return -FIX2INT(rel) >= 0 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
        return Qfalse;
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        b = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1300
        if (isnan(b)) return Qfalse;
#endif
    }
    else {
        return rb_num_coerce_relop(x, y, rb_intern(">="));
    }
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1300
    if (isnan(a)) return Qfalse;
#endif
    return (a >= b)?Qtrue:Qfalse;
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   float < real  ->  true or false
 *
 * Returns +true+ if +float+ is less than +real+.
 *
 * The result of <code>NaN < NaN</code> is undefined, so the
 * implementation-dependent value is returned.
 */

static VALUE
flo_lt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    double a, b;

    a = RFLOAT_VALUE(x);
    if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FIXNUM) || RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        VALUE rel = rb_integer_float_cmp(y, x);
        if (FIXNUM_P(rel))
            return -FIX2INT(rel) < 0 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
        return Qfalse;
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        b = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1300
        if (isnan(b)) return Qfalse;
#endif
    }
    else {
        return rb_num_coerce_relop(x, y, '<');
    }
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1300
    if (isnan(a)) return Qfalse;
#endif
    return (a < b)?Qtrue:Qfalse;
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   float <= real  ->  true or false
 *
 * Returns +true+ if +float+ is less than or equal to +real+.
 *
 * The result of <code>NaN <= NaN</code> is undefined, so the
 * implementation-dependent value is returned.
 */

static VALUE
flo_le(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    double a, b;

    a = RFLOAT_VALUE(x);
    if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FIXNUM) || RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        VALUE rel = rb_integer_float_cmp(y, x);
        if (FIXNUM_P(rel))
            return -FIX2INT(rel) <= 0 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
        return Qfalse;
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        b = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1300
        if (isnan(b)) return Qfalse;
#endif
    }
    else {
        return rb_num_coerce_relop(x, y, rb_intern("<="));
    }
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1300
    if (isnan(a)) return Qfalse;
#endif
    return (a <= b)?Qtrue:Qfalse;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     float.eql?(obj)  ->  true or false
 *
 *  Returns +true+ only if +obj+ is a Float with the same value as +float+.
 *  Contrast this with Float#==, which performs type conversions.
 *
 *  The result of <code>NaN.eql?(NaN)</code> is undefined, so the
 *  implementation-dependent value is returned.
 *
 *     1.0.eql?(1)   #=> false
 */

static VALUE
flo_eql(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        double a = RFLOAT_VALUE(x);
        double b = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1300
        if (isnan(a) || isnan(b)) return Qfalse;
#endif
        if (a == b)
            return Qtrue;
    }
    return Qfalse;
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   float.to_f  ->  self
 *
 * Since +float+ is already a float, returns +self+.
 */

static VALUE
flo_to_f(VALUE num)
{
    return num;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     float.abs        ->  float
 *     float.magnitude  ->  float
 *
 *  Returns the absolute value of +float+.
 *
 *     (-34.56).abs   #=> 34.56
 *     -34.56.abs     #=> 34.56
 *
 */

static VALUE
flo_abs(VALUE flt)
{
    double val = fabs(RFLOAT_VALUE(flt));
    return DBL2NUM(val);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     float.zero?  ->  true or false
 *
 *  Returns +true+ if +float+ is 0.0.
 *
 */

static VALUE
flo_zero_p(VALUE num)
{
    if (RFLOAT_VALUE(num) == 0.0) {
        return Qtrue;
    }
    return Qfalse;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     float.nan?  ->  true or false
 *
 *  Returns +true+ if +float+ is an invalid IEEE floating point number.
 *
 *     a = -1.0      #=> -1.0
 *     a.nan?        #=> false
 *     a = 0.0/0.0   #=> NaN
 *     a.nan?        #=> true
 */

static VALUE
flo_is_nan_p(VALUE num)
{
    double value = RFLOAT_VALUE(num);

    return isnan(value) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     float.infinite?  ->  nil, -1, +1
 *
 *  Return values corresponding to the value of +float+:
 *
 *  +finite+::      +nil+
 *  +-Infinity+::   +-1+
 *  ++Infinity+::   +1+
 *
 *  For example:
 *
 *     (0.0).infinite?        #=> nil
 *     (-1.0/0.0).infinite?   #=> -1
 *     (+1.0/0.0).infinite?   #=> 1
 */

static VALUE
flo_is_infinite_p(VALUE num)
{
    double value = RFLOAT_VALUE(num);

    if (isinf(value)) {
        return INT2FIX( value < 0 ? -1 : 1 );
    }

    return Qnil;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     float.finite?  ->  true or false
 *
 *  Returns +true+ if +float+ is a valid IEEE floating point number (it is not
 *  infinite, and Float#nan? is +false+).
 *
 */

static VALUE
flo_is_finite_p(VALUE num)
{
    double value = RFLOAT_VALUE(num);

#if HAVE_ISFINITE
    if (!isfinite(value))
        return Qfalse;
#else
    if (isinf(value) || isnan(value))
        return Qfalse;
#endif

    return Qtrue;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     float.floor  ->  integer
 *
 *  Returns the largest integer less than or equal to +float+.
 *
 *     1.2.floor      #=> 1
 *     2.0.floor      #=> 2
 *     (-1.2).floor   #=> -2
 *     (-2.0).floor   #=> -2
 */

static VALUE
flo_floor(VALUE num)
{
    double f = floor(RFLOAT_VALUE(num));
    long val;

    if (!FIXABLE(f)) {
        return rb_dbl2big(f);
    }
    val = (long)f;
    return LONG2FIX(val);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     float.ceil  ->  integer
 *
 *  Returns the smallest Integer greater than or equal to +float+.
 *
 *     1.2.ceil      #=> 2
 *     2.0.ceil      #=> 2
 *     (-1.2).ceil   #=> -1
 *     (-2.0).ceil   #=> -2
 */

static VALUE
flo_ceil(VALUE num)
{
    double f = ceil(RFLOAT_VALUE(num));
    long val;

    if (!FIXABLE(f)) {
        return rb_dbl2big(f);
    }
    val = (long)f;
    return LONG2FIX(val);
}

/*
 * Assumes num is an Integer, ndigits <= 0
 */
static VALUE
int_round_0(VALUE num, int ndigits)
{
    VALUE n, f, h, r;
    long bytes;
    ID op;
    /* If 10**N / 2 > num, then return 0 */
    /* We have log_256(10) > 0.415241 and log_256(1/2) = -0.125, so */
    bytes = FIXNUM_P(num) ? sizeof(long) : rb_funcall(num, idSize, 0);
    if (-0.415241 * ndigits - 0.125 > bytes ) {
        return INT2FIX(0);
    }

    f = int_pow(10, -ndigits);
    if (FIXNUM_P(num) && FIXNUM_P(f)) {
        SIGNED_VALUE x = FIX2LONG(num), y = FIX2LONG(f);
        int neg = x < 0;
        if (neg) x = -x;
        x = (x + y / 2) / y * y;
        if (neg) x = -x;
        return LONG2NUM(x);
    }
    if (RB_TYPE_P(f, T_FLOAT)) {
        /* then int_pow overflow */
        return INT2FIX(0);
    }
    h = rb_funcall(f, '/', 1, INT2FIX(2));
    r = rb_funcall(num, '%', 1, f);
    n = rb_funcall(num, '-', 1, r);
    op = negative_int_p(num) ? rb_intern("<=") : '<';
    if (!RTEST(rb_funcall(r, op, 1, h))) {
        n = rb_funcall(n, '+', 1, f);
    }
    return n;
}

static VALUE
flo_truncate(VALUE num);

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     float.round([ndigits])  ->  integer or float
 *
 *  Rounds +float+ to a given precision in decimal digits (default 0 digits).
 *
 *  Precision may be negative.  Returns a floating point number when +ndigits+
 *  is more than zero.
 *
 *     1.4.round      #=> 1
 *     1.5.round      #=> 2
 *     1.6.round      #=> 2
 *     (-1.5).round   #=> -2
 *
 *     1.234567.round(2)  #=> 1.23
 *     1.234567.round(3)  #=> 1.235
 *     1.234567.round(4)  #=> 1.2346
 *     1.234567.round(5)  #=> 1.23457
 *
 *     34567.89.round(-5) #=> 0
 *     34567.89.round(-4) #=> 30000
 *     34567.89.round(-3) #=> 35000
 *     34567.89.round(-2) #=> 34600
 *     34567.89.round(-1) #=> 34570
 *     34567.89.round(0)  #=> 34568
 *     34567.89.round(1)  #=> 34567.9
 *     34567.89.round(2)  #=> 34567.89
 *     34567.89.round(3)  #=> 34567.89
 *
 */

static VALUE
flo_round(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE num)
{
    VALUE nd;
    double number, f;
    int ndigits = 0;
    int binexp;
    enum {float_dig = DBL_DIG+2};

    if (argc > 0 && rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &nd) == 1) {
        ndigits = NUM2INT(nd);
    }
    if (ndigits < 0) {
        return int_round_0(flo_truncate(num), ndigits);
    }
    number  = RFLOAT_VALUE(num);
    if (ndigits == 0) {
        return dbl2ival(number);
    }
    frexp(number, &binexp);

/* Let `exp` be such that `number` is written as:"0.#{digits}e#{exp}",
   i.e. such that  10 ** (exp - 1) <= |number| < 10 ** exp
   Recall that up to float_dig digits can be needed to represent a double,
   so if ndigits + exp >= float_dig, the intermediate value (number * 10 ** ndigits)
   will be an integer and thus the result is the original number.
   If ndigits + exp <= 0, the result is 0 or "1e#{exp}", so
   if ndigits + exp < 0, the result is 0.
   We have:
        2 ** (binexp-1) <= |number| < 2 ** binexp
        10 ** ((binexp-1)/log_2(10)) <= |number| < 10 ** (binexp/log_2(10))
        If binexp >= 0, and since log_2(10) = 3.322259:
           10 ** (binexp/4 - 1) < |number| < 10 ** (binexp/3)
           floor(binexp/4) <= exp <= ceil(binexp/3)
        If binexp <= 0, swap the /4 and the /3
        So if ndigits + floor(binexp/(4 or 3)) >= float_dig, the result is number
        If ndigits + ceil(binexp/(3 or 4)) < 0 the result is 0
*/
    if (isinf(number) || isnan(number) ||
        (ndigits >= float_dig - (binexp > 0 ? binexp / 4 : binexp / 3 - 1))) {
        return num;
    }
    if (ndigits < - (binexp > 0 ? binexp / 3 + 1 : binexp / 4)) {
        return DBL2NUM(0);
    }
    f = pow(10, ndigits);
    return DBL2NUM(round(number * f) / f);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     float.to_i      ->  integer
 *     float.to_int    ->  integer
 *     float.truncate  ->  integer
 *
 *  Returns the +float+ truncated to an Integer.
 *
 *  Synonyms are #to_i, #to_int, and #truncate.
 */

static VALUE
flo_truncate(VALUE num)
{
    double f = RFLOAT_VALUE(num);
    long val;

    if (f > 0.0) f = floor(f);
    if (f < 0.0) f = ceil(f);

    if (!FIXABLE(f)) {
        return rb_dbl2big(f);
    }
    val = (long)f;
    return LONG2FIX(val);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     num.floor  ->  integer
 *
 *  Returns the largest integer less than or equal to +num+.
 *
 *  Numeric implements this by converting an Integer to a Float and invoking
 *  Float#floor.
 *
 *     1.floor      #=> 1
 *     (-1).floor   #=> -1
 */

static VALUE
num_floor(VALUE num)
{
    return flo_floor(rb_Float(num));
}


/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     num.ceil  ->  integer
 *
 *  Returns the smallest possible Integer that is greater than or equal to
 *  +num+.
 *
 *  Numeric achieves this by converting itself to a Float then invoking
 *  Float#ceil.
 *
 *     1.ceil        #=> 1
 *     1.2.ceil      #=> 2
 *     (-1.2).ceil   #=> -1
 *     (-1.0).ceil   #=> -1
 */

static VALUE
num_ceil(VALUE num)
{
    return flo_ceil(rb_Float(num));
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     num.round([ndigits])  ->  integer or float
 *
 *  Rounds +num+ to a given precision in decimal digits (default 0 digits).
 *
 *  Precision may be negative.  Returns a floating point number when +ndigits+
 *  is more than zero.
 *
 *  Numeric implements this by converting itself to a Float and invoking
 *  Float#round.
 */

static VALUE
num_round(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE num)
{
    return flo_round(argc, argv, rb_Float(num));
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     num.truncate  ->  integer
 *
 *  Returns +num+ truncated to an Integer.
 *
 *  Numeric implements this by converting its value to a Float and invoking
 *  Float#truncate.
 */

static VALUE
num_truncate(VALUE num)
{
    return flo_truncate(rb_Float(num));
}

static double
ruby_float_step_size(double beg, double end, double unit, int excl)
{
    const double epsilon = DBL_EPSILON;
    double n = (end - beg)/unit;
    double err = (fabs(beg) + fabs(end) + fabs(end-beg)) / fabs(unit) * epsilon;

    if (isinf(unit)) {
        return unit > 0 ? beg <= end : beg >= end;
    }
    if (unit == 0) {
        return INFINITY;
    }
    if (err>0.5) err=0.5;
    if (excl) {
        if (n<=0) return 0;
        if (n<1)
            n = 0;
        else
            n = floor(n - err);
    }
    else {
        if (n<0) return 0;
        n = floor(n + err);
    }
    return n+1;
}

int
ruby_float_step(VALUE from, VALUE to, VALUE step, int excl)
{
    if (RB_TYPE_P(from, T_FLOAT) || RB_TYPE_P(to, T_FLOAT) || RB_TYPE_P(step, T_FLOAT)) {
        double beg = NUM2DBL(from);
        double end = NUM2DBL(to);
        double unit = NUM2DBL(step);
        double n = ruby_float_step_size(beg, end, unit, excl);
        long i;

        if (isinf(unit)) {
            /* if unit is infinity, i*unit+beg is NaN */
            if (n) rb_yield(DBL2NUM(beg));
        }
        else if (unit == 0) {
            VALUE val = DBL2NUM(beg);
            for (;;)
                rb_yield(val);
        }
        else {
            for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
                double d = i*unit+beg;
                if (unit >= 0 ? end < d : d < end) d = end;
                rb_yield(DBL2NUM(d));
            }
        }
        return TRUE;
    }
    return FALSE;
}

VALUE
ruby_num_interval_step_size(VALUE from, VALUE to, VALUE step, int excl)
{
    if (FIXNUM_P(from) && FIXNUM_P(to) && FIXNUM_P(step)) {
        long delta, diff;

        diff = FIX2LONG(step);
        if (diff == 0) {
            return DBL2NUM(INFINITY);
        }
        delta = FIX2LONG(to) - FIX2LONG(from);
        if (diff < 0) {
            diff = -diff;
            delta = -delta;
        }
        if (excl) {
            delta--;
        }
        if (delta < 0) {
            return INT2FIX(0);
        }
        return ULONG2NUM(delta / diff + 1UL);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(from, T_FLOAT) || RB_TYPE_P(to, T_FLOAT) || RB_TYPE_P(step, T_FLOAT)) {
        double n = ruby_float_step_size(NUM2DBL(from), NUM2DBL(to), NUM2DBL(step), excl);

        if (isinf(n)) return DBL2NUM(n);
        if (POSFIXABLE(n)) return LONG2FIX(n);
        return rb_dbl2big(n);
    }
    else {
        VALUE result;
        ID cmp = '>';
        switch (rb_cmpint(rb_num_coerce_cmp(step, INT2FIX(0), id_cmp), step, INT2FIX(0))) {
          case 0: return DBL2NUM(INFINITY);
          case -1: cmp = '<'; break;
        }
        if (RTEST(rb_funcall(from, cmp, 1, to))) return INT2FIX(0);
        result = rb_funcall(rb_funcall(to, '-', 1, from), id_div, 1, step);
        if (!excl || RTEST(rb_funcall(rb_funcall(from, '+', 1, rb_funcall(result, '*', 1, step)), cmp, 1, to))) {
            result = rb_funcall(result, '+', 1, INT2FIX(1));
        }
        return result;
    }
}

static int
num_step_scan_args(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE *to, VALUE *step)
{
    VALUE hash;
    int desc;

    argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02:", to, step, &hash);
    if (!NIL_P(hash)) {
        ID keys[2];
        VALUE values[2];
        keys[0] = id_to;
        keys[1] = id_by;
        rb_get_kwargs(hash, keys, 0, 2, values);
        if (values[0] != Qundef) {
            if (argc > 0) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "to is given twice");
            *to = values[0];
        }
        if (values[1] != Qundef) {
            if (argc > 1) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "step is given twice");
            *step = values[1];
        }
    }
    else {
        /* compatibility */
        if (argc > 1 && NIL_P(*step)) {
            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "step must be numeric");
        }
        if (rb_equal(*step, INT2FIX(0))) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "step can't be 0");
        }
    }
    if (NIL_P(*step)) {
        *step = INT2FIX(1);
    }
    desc = !positive_int_p(*step);
    if (NIL_P(*to)) {
        *to = desc ? DBL2NUM(-INFINITY) : DBL2NUM(INFINITY);
    }
    return desc;
}

static VALUE
num_step_size(VALUE from, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
{
    VALUE to, step;
    int argc = args ? RARRAY_LENINT(args) : 0;
    VALUE *argv = args ? RARRAY_PTR(args) : 0;

    num_step_scan_args(argc, argv, &to, &step);

    return ruby_num_interval_step_size(from, to, step, FALSE);
}
/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     num.step(by: step, to: limit]) {|i| block }  ->  self
 *     num.step(by: step, to: limit])               ->  an_enumerator
 *     num.step(limit=nil, step=1) {|i| block }     ->  self
 *     num.step(limit=nil, step=1)                  ->  an_enumerator
 *
 *  Invokes the given block with the sequence of numbers starting at +num+,
 *  incremented by +step+ (defaulted to +1+) on each call.
 *
 *  The loop finishes when the value to be passed to the block is greater than
 *  +limit+ (if +step+ is positive) or less than +limit+ (if +step+ is
 *  negative), where <i>limit</i> is defaulted to infinity.
 *
 *  In the recommended keyword argument style, either or both of
 *  +step+ and +limit+ (default infinity) can be omitted.  In the
 *  fixed position argument style, integer zero as a step
 *  (i.e. num.step(limit, 0)) is not allowed for historical
 *  compatibility reasons.
 *
 *  If all the arguments are integers, the loop operates using an integer
 *  counter.
 *
 *  If any of the arguments are floating point numbers, all are converted to floats, and the loop is executed the following expression:
 *
 *      floor(n + n*epsilon)+ 1
 *
 *  Where the +n+ is the following:
 *
 *      n = (limit - num)/step
 *
 *  Otherwise, the loop starts at +num+, uses either the less-than (<) or
 *  greater-than (>) operator to compare the counter against +limit+, and
 *  increments itself using the <code>+</code> operator.
 *
 *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
 *
 *  For example:
 *
 *     p 1.step.take(4)
 *     p 10.step(by: -1).take(4)
 *     3.step(to: 5) { |i| print i, " " }
 *     1.step(10, 2) { |i| print i, " " }
 *     Math::E.step(to: Math::PI, by: 0.2) { |f| print f, " " }
 *
 *  Will produce:
 *
 *     [1, 2, 3, 4]
 *     [10, 9, 8, 7]
 *     3 4 5
 *     1 3 5 7 9
 *     2.71828182845905 2.91828182845905 3.11828182845905
 */

static VALUE
num_step(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE from)
{
    VALUE to, step;
    int desc, inf;

    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(from, argc, argv, num_step_size);

    desc = num_step_scan_args(argc, argv, &to, &step);
    if (RTEST(rb_num_coerce_cmp(step, INT2FIX(0), id_eq))) {
        inf = 1;
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(to, T_FLOAT)) {
        double f = RFLOAT_VALUE(to);
        inf = isinf(f) && (signbit(f) ? desc : !desc);
    }
    else inf = 0;

    if (FIXNUM_P(from) && (inf || FIXNUM_P(to)) && FIXNUM_P(step)) {
        long i = FIX2LONG(from);
        long diff = FIX2LONG(step);

        if (inf) {
            for (;; i += diff)
                rb_yield(LONG2FIX(i));
        }
        else {
            long end = FIX2LONG(to);

            if (desc) {
                for (; i >= end; i += diff)
                    rb_yield(LONG2FIX(i));
            }
            else {
                for (; i <= end; i += diff)
                    rb_yield(LONG2FIX(i));
            }
        }
    }
    else if (!ruby_float_step(from, to, step, FALSE)) {
        VALUE i = from;

        if (inf) {
            for (;; i = rb_funcall(i, '+', 1, step))
                rb_yield(i);
        }
        else {
            ID cmp = desc ? '<' : '>';

            for (; !RTEST(rb_funcall(i, cmp, 1, to)); i = rb_funcall(i, '+', 1, step))
                rb_yield(i);
        }
    }
    return from;
}

#define LONG_MIN_MINUS_ONE ((double)LONG_MIN-1)
#define LONG_MAX_PLUS_ONE (2*(double)(LONG_MAX/2+1))
#define ULONG_MAX_PLUS_ONE (2*(double)(ULONG_MAX/2+1))
#define LONG_MIN_MINUS_ONE_IS_LESS_THAN(n) \
  (LONG_MIN_MINUS_ONE == (double)LONG_MIN ? \
   LONG_MIN <= (n): \
   LONG_MIN_MINUS_ONE < (n))

SIGNED_VALUE
rb_num2long(VALUE val)
{
  again:
    if (NIL_P(val)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "no implicit conversion from nil to integer");
    }

    if (FIXNUM_P(val)) return FIX2LONG(val);

    else if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_FLOAT)) {
        if (RFLOAT_VALUE(val) < LONG_MAX_PLUS_ONE
            && LONG_MIN_MINUS_ONE_IS_LESS_THAN(RFLOAT_VALUE(val))) {
            return (long)RFLOAT_VALUE(val);
        }
        else {
            char buf[24];
            char *s;

            snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%-.10g", RFLOAT_VALUE(val));
            if ((s = strchr(buf, ' ')) != 0) *s = '\0';
            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "float %s out of range of integer", buf);
        }
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_BIGNUM)) {
        return rb_big2long(val);
    }
    else {
        val = rb_to_int(val);
        goto again;
    }
}

static unsigned long
rb_num2ulong_internal(VALUE val, int *wrap_p)
{
  again:
    if (NIL_P(val)) {
       rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "no implicit conversion from nil to integer");
    }

    if (FIXNUM_P(val)) {
        long l = FIX2LONG(val); /* this is FIX2LONG, inteneded */
        if (wrap_p)
            *wrap_p = l < 0;
        return (unsigned long)l;
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_FLOAT)) {
       if (RFLOAT_VALUE(val) < ULONG_MAX_PLUS_ONE
           && LONG_MIN_MINUS_ONE_IS_LESS_THAN(RFLOAT_VALUE(val))) {
           double d = RFLOAT_VALUE(val);
           if (wrap_p)
               *wrap_p = d <= -1.0; /* NUM2ULONG(v) uses v.to_int conceptually.  */
           if (0 <= d)
               return (unsigned long)d;
           return (unsigned long)(long)d;
       }
       else {
           char buf[24];
           char *s;

           snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%-.10g", RFLOAT_VALUE(val));
           if ((s = strchr(buf, ' ')) != 0) *s = '\0';
           rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "float %s out of range of integer", buf);
       }
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_BIGNUM)) {
        {
            unsigned long ul = rb_big2ulong(val);
            if (wrap_p)
                *wrap_p = RBIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(val);
            return ul;
        }
    }
    else {
        val = rb_to_int(val);
        goto again;
    }
}

VALUE
rb_num2ulong(VALUE val)
{
    return rb_num2ulong_internal(val, NULL);
}

#if SIZEOF_INT < SIZEOF_LONG
void
rb_out_of_int(SIGNED_VALUE num)
{
    rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "integer %"PRIdVALUE " too %s to convert to `int'",
             num, num < 0 ? "small" : "big");
}

static void
check_int(long num)
{
    if ((long)(int)num != num) {
        rb_out_of_int(num);
    }
}

static void
check_uint(unsigned long num, int sign)
{
    if (sign) {
        /* minus */
        if (num < (unsigned long)INT_MIN)
            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "integer %ld too small to convert to `unsigned int'", (long)num);
    }
    else {
        /* plus */
        if (UINT_MAX < num)
            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "integer %lu too big to convert to `unsigned int'", num);
    }
}

long
rb_num2int(VALUE val)
{
    long num = rb_num2long(val);

    check_int(num);
    return num;
}

long
rb_fix2int(VALUE val)
{
    long num = FIXNUM_P(val)?FIX2LONG(val):rb_num2long(val);

    check_int(num);
    return num;
}

unsigned long
rb_num2uint(VALUE val)
{
    int wrap;
    unsigned long num = rb_num2ulong_internal(val, &wrap);

    check_uint(num, wrap);
    return num;
}

unsigned long
rb_fix2uint(VALUE val)
{
    unsigned long num;

    if (!FIXNUM_P(val)) {
        return rb_num2uint(val);
    }
    num = FIX2ULONG(val);

    check_uint(num, negative_int_p(val));
    return num;
}
#else
long
rb_num2int(VALUE val)
{
    return rb_num2long(val);
}

long
rb_fix2int(VALUE val)
{
    return FIX2INT(val);
}
#endif

void
rb_out_of_short(SIGNED_VALUE num)
{
    rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "integer %"PRIdVALUE " too %s to convert to `short'",
             num, num < 0 ? "small" : "big");
}

static void
check_short(long num)
{
    if ((long)(short)num != num) {
        rb_out_of_short(num);
    }
}

static void
check_ushort(unsigned long num, int sign)
{
    if (sign) {
        /* minus */
        if (num < (unsigned long)SHRT_MIN)
            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "integer %ld too small to convert to `unsigned short'", (long)num);
    }
    else {
        /* plus */
        if (USHRT_MAX < num)
            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "integer %lu too big to convert to `unsigned short'", num);
    }
}

short
rb_num2short(VALUE val)
{
    long num = rb_num2long(val);

    check_short(num);
    return num;
}

short
rb_fix2short(VALUE val)
{
    long num = FIXNUM_P(val)?FIX2LONG(val):rb_num2long(val);

    check_short(num);
    return num;
}

unsigned short
rb_num2ushort(VALUE val)
{
    int wrap;
    unsigned long num = rb_num2ulong_internal(val, &wrap);

    check_ushort(num, wrap);
    return num;
}

unsigned short
rb_fix2ushort(VALUE val)
{
    unsigned long num;

    if (!FIXNUM_P(val)) {
        return rb_num2ushort(val);
    }
    num = FIX2ULONG(val);

    check_ushort(num, negative_int_p(val));
    return num;
}

VALUE
rb_num2fix(VALUE val)
{
    long v;

    if (FIXNUM_P(val)) return val;

    v = rb_num2long(val);
    if (!FIXABLE(v))
        rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "integer %ld out of range of fixnum", v);
    return LONG2FIX(v);
}

#if HAVE_LONG_LONG

#define LLONG_MIN_MINUS_ONE ((double)LLONG_MIN-1)
#define LLONG_MAX_PLUS_ONE (2*(double)(LLONG_MAX/2+1))
#define ULLONG_MAX_PLUS_ONE (2*(double)(ULLONG_MAX/2+1))
#ifndef ULLONG_MAX
#define ULLONG_MAX ((unsigned LONG_LONG)LLONG_MAX*2+1)
#endif
#define LLONG_MIN_MINUS_ONE_IS_LESS_THAN(n) \
  (LLONG_MIN_MINUS_ONE == (double)LLONG_MIN ? \
   LLONG_MIN <= (n): \
   LLONG_MIN_MINUS_ONE < (n))

LONG_LONG
rb_num2ll(VALUE val)
{
    if (NIL_P(val)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "no implicit conversion from nil");
    }

    if (FIXNUM_P(val)) return (LONG_LONG)FIX2LONG(val);

    else if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_FLOAT)) {
        if (RFLOAT_VALUE(val) < LLONG_MAX_PLUS_ONE
            && (LLONG_MIN_MINUS_ONE_IS_LESS_THAN(RFLOAT_VALUE(val)))) {
            return (LONG_LONG)(RFLOAT_VALUE(val));
        }
        else {
            char buf[24];
            char *s;

            snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%-.10g", RFLOAT_VALUE(val));
            if ((s = strchr(buf, ' ')) != 0) *s = '\0';
            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "float %s out of range of long long", buf);
        }
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_BIGNUM)) {
        return rb_big2ll(val);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_STRING)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "no implicit conversion from string");
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_TRUE) || RB_TYPE_P(val, T_FALSE)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "no implicit conversion from boolean");
    }

    val = rb_to_int(val);
    return NUM2LL(val);
}

unsigned LONG_LONG
rb_num2ull(VALUE val)
{
    if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_NIL)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "no implicit conversion from nil");
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_FIXNUM)) {
        return (LONG_LONG)FIX2LONG(val); /* this is FIX2LONG, inteneded */
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_FLOAT)) {
        if (RFLOAT_VALUE(val) < ULLONG_MAX_PLUS_ONE
            && LLONG_MIN_MINUS_ONE_IS_LESS_THAN(RFLOAT_VALUE(val))) {
            if (0 <= RFLOAT_VALUE(val))
                return (unsigned LONG_LONG)(RFLOAT_VALUE(val));
            return (unsigned LONG_LONG)(LONG_LONG)(RFLOAT_VALUE(val));
        }
        else {
            char buf[24];
            char *s;

            snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%-.10g", RFLOAT_VALUE(val));
            if ((s = strchr(buf, ' ')) != 0) *s = '\0';
            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "float %s out of range of unsgined long long", buf);
        }
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_BIGNUM)) {
        return rb_big2ull(val);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_STRING)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "no implicit conversion from string");
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(val, T_TRUE) || RB_TYPE_P(val, T_FALSE)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "no implicit conversion from boolean");
    }

    val = rb_to_int(val);
    return NUM2ULL(val);
}

#endif  /* HAVE_LONG_LONG */

/*
 * Document-class: Integer
 *
 *  This class is the basis for the two concrete classes that hold whole
 *  numbers, Bignum and Fixnum.
 *
 */

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     int.to_i      ->  integer
 *
 *  As +int+ is already an Integer, all these methods simply return the receiver.
 *
 *  Synonyms are #to_int, #floor, #ceil, #truncate.
 */

static VALUE
int_to_i(VALUE num)
{
    return num;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     int.integer?  ->  true
 *
 *  Since +int+ is already an Integer, this always returns +true+.
 */

static VALUE
int_int_p(VALUE num)
{
    return Qtrue;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     int.odd?  ->  true or false
 *
 *  Returns +true+ if +int+ is an odd number.
 */

static VALUE
int_odd_p(VALUE num)
{
    if (rb_funcall(num, '%', 1, INT2FIX(2)) != INT2FIX(0)) {
        return Qtrue;
    }
    return Qfalse;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     int.even?  ->  true or false
 *
 *  Returns +true+ if +int+ is an even number.
 */

static VALUE
int_even_p(VALUE num)
{
    if (rb_funcall(num, '%', 1, INT2FIX(2)) == INT2FIX(0)) {
        return Qtrue;
    }
    return Qfalse;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     int.next  ->  integer
 *     int.succ  ->  integer
 *
 *  Returns the Integer equal to +int+ + 1.
 *
 *     1.next      #=> 2
 *     (-1).next   #=> 0
 */

static VALUE
fix_succ(VALUE num)
{
    long i = FIX2LONG(num) + 1;
    return LONG2NUM(i);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     int.next  ->  integer
 *     int.succ  ->  integer
 *
 *  Returns the Integer equal to +int+ + 1, same as Fixnum#next.
 *
 *     1.next      #=> 2
 *     (-1).next   #=> 0
 */

VALUE
rb_int_succ(VALUE num)
{
    if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
        long i = FIX2LONG(num) + 1;
        return LONG2NUM(i);
    }
    if (RB_TYPE_P(num, T_BIGNUM)) {
        return rb_big_plus(num, INT2FIX(1));
    }
    return rb_funcall(num, '+', 1, INT2FIX(1));
}

#define int_succ rb_int_succ

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     int.pred  ->  integer
 *
 *  Returns the Integer equal to +int+ - 1.
 *
 *     1.pred      #=> 0
 *     (-1).pred   #=> -2
 */

VALUE
rb_int_pred(VALUE num)
{
    if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
        long i = FIX2LONG(num) - 1;
        return LONG2NUM(i);
    }
    if (RB_TYPE_P(num, T_BIGNUM)) {
        return rb_big_minus(num, INT2FIX(1));
    }
    return rb_funcall(num, '-', 1, INT2FIX(1));
}

#define int_pred rb_int_pred

VALUE
rb_enc_uint_chr(unsigned int code, rb_encoding *enc)
{
    int n;
    VALUE str;
    switch (n = rb_enc_codelen(code, enc)) {
      case ONIGERR_INVALID_CODE_POINT_VALUE:
        rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "invalid codepoint 0x%X in %s", code, rb_enc_name(enc));
        break;
      case ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE:
      case 0:
        rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "%u out of char range", code);
        break;
    }
    str = rb_enc_str_new(0, n, enc);
    rb_enc_mbcput(code, RSTRING_PTR(str), enc);
    if (rb_enc_precise_mbclen(RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_END(str), enc) != n) {
        rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "invalid codepoint 0x%X in %s", code, rb_enc_name(enc));
    }
    return str;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     int.chr([encoding])  ->  string
 *
 *  Returns a string containing the character represented by the +int+'s value
 *  according to +encoding+.
 *
 *     65.chr    #=> "A"
 *     230.chr   #=> "\346"
 *     255.chr(Encoding::UTF_8)   #=> "\303\277"
 */

static VALUE
int_chr(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE num)
{
    char c;
    unsigned int i;
    rb_encoding *enc;

    if (rb_num_to_uint(num, &i) == 0) {
    }
    else if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "%ld out of char range", FIX2LONG(num));
    }
    else {
        rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "bignum out of char range");
    }

    switch (argc) {
      case 0:
        if (0xff < i) {
            enc = rb_default_internal_encoding();
            if (!enc) {
                rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "%d out of char range", i);
            }
            goto decode;
        }
        c = (char)i;
        if (i < 0x80) {
            return rb_usascii_str_new(&c, 1);
        }
        else {
            return rb_str_new(&c, 1);
        }
      case 1:
        break;
      default:
        rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
        break;
    }
    enc = rb_to_encoding(argv[0]);
    if (!enc) enc = rb_ascii8bit_encoding();
  decode:
    return rb_enc_uint_chr(i, enc);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     int.ord  ->  self
 *
 *  Returns the +int+ itself.
 *
 *     ?a.ord    #=> 97
 *
 *  This method is intended for compatibility to character constant in Ruby
 *  1.9.
 *
 *  For example, ?a.ord returns 97 both in 1.8 and 1.9.
 */

static VALUE
int_ord(VALUE num)
{
    return num;
}

/********************************************************************
 *
 * Document-class: Fixnum
 *
 *  Holds Integer values that can be represented in a native machine word
 *  (minus 1 bit).  If any operation on a Fixnum exceeds this range, the value
 *  is automatically converted to a Bignum.
 *
 *  Fixnum objects have immediate value. This means that when they are assigned
 *  or passed as parameters, the actual object is passed, rather than a
 *  reference to that object.
 *
 *  Assignment does not alias Fixnum objects. There is effectively only one
 *  Fixnum object instance for any given integer value, so, for example, you
 *  cannot add a singleton method to a Fixnum. Any attempt to add a singleton
 *  method to a Fixnum object will raise a TypeError.
 */


/*
 * call-seq:
 *   -fix  ->  integer
 *
 * Negates +fix+, which may return a Bignum.
 */

static VALUE
fix_uminus(VALUE num)
{
    return LONG2NUM(-FIX2LONG(num));
}

VALUE
rb_fix2str(VALUE x, int base)
{
    extern const char ruby_digitmap[];
    char buf[SIZEOF_VALUE*CHAR_BIT + 2], *b = buf + sizeof buf;
    long val = FIX2LONG(x);
    int neg = 0;

    if (base < 2 || 36 < base) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid radix %d", base);
    }
    if (val == 0) {
        return rb_usascii_str_new2("0");
    }
    if (val < 0) {
        val = -val;
        neg = 1;
    }
    *--b = '\0';
    do {
        *--b = ruby_digitmap[(int)(val % base)];
    } while (val /= base);
    if (neg) {
        *--b = '-';
    }

    return rb_usascii_str_new2(b);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     fix.to_s(base=10)  ->  string
 *
 *  Returns a string containing the representation of +fix+ radix +base+
 *  (between 2 and 36).
 *
 *     12345.to_s       #=> "12345"
 *     12345.to_s(2)    #=> "11000000111001"
 *     12345.to_s(8)    #=> "30071"
 *     12345.to_s(10)   #=> "12345"
 *     12345.to_s(16)   #=> "3039"
 *     12345.to_s(36)   #=> "9ix"
 *
 */
static VALUE
fix_to_s(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE x)
{
    int base;

    if (argc == 0) base = 10;
    else {
        VALUE b;

        rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &b);
        base = NUM2INT(b);
    }

    return rb_fix2str(x, base);
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   fix + numeric  ->  numeric_result
 *
 * Performs addition: the class of the resulting object depends on the class of
 * +numeric+ and on the magnitude of the result. It may return a Bignum.
 */

static VALUE
fix_plus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
        long a, b, c;
        VALUE r;

        a = FIX2LONG(x);
        b = FIX2LONG(y);
        c = a + b;
        r = LONG2NUM(c);

        return r;
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        return rb_big_plus(y, x);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        return DBL2NUM((double)FIX2LONG(x) + RFLOAT_VALUE(y));
    }
    else {
        return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, '+');
    }
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   fix - numeric  ->  numeric_result
 *
 * Performs subtraction: the class of the resulting object depends on the class
 * of +numeric+ and on the magnitude of the result. It may return a Bignum.
 */

static VALUE
fix_minus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
        long a, b, c;
        VALUE r;

        a = FIX2LONG(x);
        b = FIX2LONG(y);
        c = a - b;
        r = LONG2NUM(c);

        return r;
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        x = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(x));
        return rb_big_minus(x, y);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        return DBL2NUM((double)FIX2LONG(x) - RFLOAT_VALUE(y));
    }
    else {
        return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, '-');
    }
}

#define SQRT_LONG_MAX ((SIGNED_VALUE)1<<((SIZEOF_LONG*CHAR_BIT-1)/2))
/*tests if N*N would overflow*/
#define FIT_SQRT_LONG(n) (((n)<SQRT_LONG_MAX)&&((n)>=-SQRT_LONG_MAX))

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   fix * numeric  ->  numeric_result
 *
 * Performs multiplication: the class of the resulting object depends on the
 * class of +numeric+ and on the magnitude of the result. It may return a
 * Bignum.
 */

static VALUE
fix_mul(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
#ifdef __HP_cc
/* avoids an optimization bug of HP aC++/ANSI C B3910B A.06.05 [Jul 25 2005] */
        volatile
#endif
        long a, b;
#if SIZEOF_LONG * 2 <= SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
        LONG_LONG d;
#else
        VALUE r;
#endif

        a = FIX2LONG(x);
        b = FIX2LONG(y);

#if SIZEOF_LONG * 2 <= SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
        d = (LONG_LONG)a * b;
        if (FIXABLE(d)) return LONG2FIX(d);
        return rb_ll2inum(d);
#else
        if (a == 0) return x;
        if (MUL_OVERFLOW_FIXNUM_P(a, b))
            r = rb_big_mul(rb_int2big(a), rb_int2big(b));
        else
            r = LONG2FIX(a * b);
        return r;
#endif
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        return rb_big_mul(y, x);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        return DBL2NUM((double)FIX2LONG(x) * RFLOAT_VALUE(y));
    }
    else {
        return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, '*');
    }
}

static void
fixdivmod(long x, long y, long *divp, long *modp)
{
    long div, mod;

    if (y == 0) rb_num_zerodiv();
    if (y < 0) {
        if (x < 0)
            div = -x / -y;
        else
            div = - (x / -y);
    }
    else {
        if (x < 0)
            div = - (-x / y);
        else
            div = x / y;
    }
    mod = x - div*y;
    if ((mod < 0 && y > 0) || (mod > 0 && y < 0)) {
        mod += y;
        div -= 1;
    }
    if (divp) *divp = div;
    if (modp) *modp = mod;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     fix.fdiv(numeric)  ->  float
 *
 *  Returns the floating point result of dividing +fix+ by +numeric+.
 *
 *     654321.fdiv(13731)      #=> 47.6528293642124
 *     654321.fdiv(13731.24)   #=> 47.6519964693647
 *
 */

static VALUE
fix_fdiv(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
        return DBL2NUM((double)FIX2LONG(x) / (double)FIX2LONG(y));
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        return rb_big_fdiv(rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(x)), y);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        return DBL2NUM((double)FIX2LONG(x) / RFLOAT_VALUE(y));
    }
    else {
        return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, rb_intern("fdiv"));
    }
}

static VALUE
fix_divide(VALUE x, VALUE y, ID op)
{
    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
        long div;

        fixdivmod(FIX2LONG(x), FIX2LONG(y), &div, 0);
        return LONG2NUM(div);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        x = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(x));
        return rb_big_div(x, y);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        {
            double div;

            if (op == '/') {
                div = (double)FIX2LONG(x) / RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
                return DBL2NUM(div);
            }
            else {
                if (RFLOAT_VALUE(y) == 0) rb_num_zerodiv();
                div = (double)FIX2LONG(x) / RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
                return rb_dbl2big(floor(div));
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_RATIONAL) &&
            op == '/' && FIX2LONG(x) == 1)
            return rb_rational_reciprocal(y);
        return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, op);
    }
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   fix / numeric  ->  numeric_result
 *
 * Performs division: the class of the resulting object depends on the class of
 * +numeric+ and on the magnitude of the result. It may return a Bignum.
 */

static VALUE
fix_div(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    return fix_divide(x, y, '/');
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   fix.div(numeric)  ->  integer
 *
 * Performs integer division: returns integer result of dividing +fix+ by
 * +numeric+.
 */

static VALUE
fix_idiv(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    return fix_divide(x, y, rb_intern("div"));
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *    fix % other        ->  real
 *    fix.modulo(other)  ->  real
 *
 *  Returns +fix+ modulo +other+.
 *
 *  See Numeric#divmod for more information.
 */

static VALUE
fix_mod(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
        long mod;

        fixdivmod(FIX2LONG(x), FIX2LONG(y), 0, &mod);
        return LONG2NUM(mod);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        x = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(x));
        return rb_big_modulo(x, y);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        return DBL2NUM(ruby_float_mod((double)FIX2LONG(x), RFLOAT_VALUE(y)));
    }
    else {
        return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, '%');
    }
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     fix.divmod(numeric)  ->  array
 *
 *  See Numeric#divmod.
 */
static VALUE
fix_divmod(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
        long div, mod;

        fixdivmod(FIX2LONG(x), FIX2LONG(y), &div, &mod);

        return rb_assoc_new(LONG2NUM(div), LONG2NUM(mod));
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        x = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(x));
        return rb_big_divmod(x, y);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        {
            double div, mod;
            volatile VALUE a, b;

            flodivmod((double)FIX2LONG(x), RFLOAT_VALUE(y), &div, &mod);
            a = dbl2ival(div);
            b = DBL2NUM(mod);
            return rb_assoc_new(a, b);
        }
    }
    else {
        return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, rb_intern("divmod"));
    }
}

static VALUE
int_pow(long x, unsigned long y)
{
    int neg = x < 0;
    long z = 1;

    if (neg) x = -x;
    if (y & 1)
        z = x;
    else
        neg = 0;
    y &= ~1;
    do {
        while (y % 2 == 0) {
            if (!FIT_SQRT_LONG(x)) {
                VALUE v;
              bignum:
                v = rb_big_pow(rb_int2big(x), LONG2NUM(y));
                if (z != 1) v = rb_big_mul(rb_int2big(neg ? -z : z), v);
                return v;
            }
            x = x * x;
            y >>= 1;
        }
        {
            if (MUL_OVERFLOW_FIXNUM_P(x, z)) {
                goto bignum;
            }
            z = x * z;
        }
    } while (--y);
    if (neg) z = -z;
    return LONG2NUM(z);
}

VALUE
rb_int_positive_pow(long x, unsigned long y)
{
    return int_pow(x, y);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *    fix ** numeric  ->  numeric_result
 *
 *  Raises +fix+ to the power of +numeric+, which may be negative or
 *  fractional.
 *
 *    2 ** 3      #=> 8
 *    2 ** -1     #=> (1/2)
 *    2 ** 0.5    #=> 1.4142135623731
 */

static VALUE
fix_pow(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    long a = FIX2LONG(x);

    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
        long b = FIX2LONG(y);

        if (a == 1) return INT2FIX(1);
        if (a == -1) {
            if (b % 2 == 0)
                return INT2FIX(1);
            else
                return INT2FIX(-1);
        }
        if (b < 0)
            return rb_funcall(rb_rational_raw1(x), rb_intern("**"), 1, y);

        if (b == 0) return INT2FIX(1);
        if (b == 1) return x;
        if (a == 0) {
            if (b > 0) return INT2FIX(0);
            return DBL2NUM(INFINITY);
        }
        return int_pow(a, b);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        if (a == 1) return INT2FIX(1);
        if (a == -1) {
            if (int_even_p(y)) return INT2FIX(1);
            else return INT2FIX(-1);
        }
        if (negative_int_p(y))
            return rb_funcall(rb_rational_raw1(x), rb_intern("**"), 1, y);
        if (a == 0) return INT2FIX(0);
        x = rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(x));
        return rb_big_pow(x, y);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        if (RFLOAT_VALUE(y) == 0.0) return DBL2NUM(1.0);
        if (a == 0) {
            return DBL2NUM(RFLOAT_VALUE(y) < 0 ? INFINITY : 0.0);
        }
        if (a == 1) return DBL2NUM(1.0);
        {
            double dy = RFLOAT_VALUE(y);
            if (a < 0 && dy != round(dy))
                return rb_funcall(rb_complex_raw1(x), rb_intern("**"), 1, y);
            return DBL2NUM(pow((double)a, dy));
        }
    }
    else {
        return rb_num_coerce_bin(x, y, rb_intern("**"));
    }
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   fix == other  ->  true or false
 *
 * Return +true+ if +fix+ equals +other+ numerically.
 *
 *   1 == 2      #=> false
 *   1 == 1.0    #=> true
 */

static VALUE
fix_equal(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (x == y) return Qtrue;
    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) return Qfalse;
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        return rb_big_eq(y, x);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        return rb_integer_float_eq(x, y);
    }
    else {
        return num_equal(x, y);
    }
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     fix <=> numeric  ->  -1, 0, +1 or nil
 *
 *  Comparison---Returns +-1+, +0+, ++1+ or +nil+ depending on whether +fix+ is
 *  less than, equal to, or greater than +numeric+.
 *
 *  This is the basis for the tests in the Comparable module.
 *
 *  +nil+ is returned if the two values are incomparable.
 */

static VALUE
fix_cmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (x == y) return INT2FIX(0);
    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
        if (FIX2LONG(x) > FIX2LONG(y)) return INT2FIX(1);
        return INT2FIX(-1);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        return rb_big_cmp(rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(x)), y);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        return rb_integer_float_cmp(x, y);
    }
    else {
        return rb_num_coerce_cmp(x, y, id_cmp);
    }
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   fix > real  ->  true or false
 *
 * Returns +true+ if the value of +fix+ is greater than that of +real+.
 */

static VALUE
fix_gt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
        if (FIX2LONG(x) > FIX2LONG(y)) return Qtrue;
        return Qfalse;
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        return FIX2INT(rb_big_cmp(rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(x)), y)) > 0 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        return rb_integer_float_cmp(x, y) == INT2FIX(1) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
    }
    else {
        return rb_num_coerce_relop(x, y, '>');
    }
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   fix >= real  ->  true or false
 *
 * Returns +true+ if the value of +fix+ is greater than or equal to that of
 * +real+.
 */

static VALUE
fix_ge(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
        if (FIX2LONG(x) >= FIX2LONG(y)) return Qtrue;
        return Qfalse;
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        return FIX2INT(rb_big_cmp(rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(x)), y)) >= 0 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        VALUE rel = rb_integer_float_cmp(x, y);
        return rel == INT2FIX(1) || rel == INT2FIX(0) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
    }
    else {
        return rb_num_coerce_relop(x, y, rb_intern(">="));
    }
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   fix < real  ->  true or false
 *
 * Returns +true+ if the value of +fix+ is less than that of +real+.
 */

static VALUE
fix_lt(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
        if (FIX2LONG(x) < FIX2LONG(y)) return Qtrue;
        return Qfalse;
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        return FIX2INT(rb_big_cmp(rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(x)), y)) < 0 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        return rb_integer_float_cmp(x, y) == INT2FIX(-1) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
    }
    else {
        return rb_num_coerce_relop(x, y, '<');
    }
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   fix <= real  ->  true or false
 *
 * Returns +true+ if the value of +fix+ is less than or equal to that of
 * +real+.
 */

static VALUE
fix_le(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
        if (FIX2LONG(x) <= FIX2LONG(y)) return Qtrue;
        return Qfalse;
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        return FIX2INT(rb_big_cmp(rb_int2big(FIX2LONG(x)), y)) <= 0 ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_FLOAT)) {
        VALUE rel = rb_integer_float_cmp(x, y);
        return rel == INT2FIX(-1) || rel == INT2FIX(0) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
    }
    else {
        return rb_num_coerce_relop(x, y, rb_intern("<="));
    }
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   ~fix  ->  integer
 *
 * One's complement: returns a number where each bit is flipped.
 */

static VALUE
fix_rev(VALUE num)
{
    return ~num | FIXNUM_FLAG;
}

static int
bit_coerce(VALUE *x, VALUE *y, int err)
{
    if (!FIXNUM_P(*y) && !RB_TYPE_P(*y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        VALUE orig = *x;
        do_coerce(x, y, err);
        if (!FIXNUM_P(*x) && !RB_TYPE_P(*x, T_BIGNUM)
            && !FIXNUM_P(*y) && !RB_TYPE_P(*y, T_BIGNUM)) {
            if (!err) return FALSE;
            coerce_failed(orig, *y);
        }
    }
    return TRUE;
}

VALUE
rb_num_coerce_bit(VALUE x, VALUE y, ID func)
{
    bit_coerce(&x, &y, TRUE);
    return rb_funcall(x, func, 1, y);
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   fix & integer  ->  integer_result
 *
 * Bitwise AND.
 */

static VALUE
fix_and(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
        long val = FIX2LONG(x) & FIX2LONG(y);
        return LONG2NUM(val);
    }

    if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        return rb_big_and(y, x);
    }

    bit_coerce(&x, &y, TRUE);
    return rb_funcall(x, rb_intern("&"), 1, y);
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   fix | integer  ->  integer_result
 *
 * Bitwise OR.
 */

static VALUE
fix_or(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
        long val = FIX2LONG(x) | FIX2LONG(y);
        return LONG2NUM(val);
    }

    if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        return rb_big_or(y, x);
    }

    bit_coerce(&x, &y, TRUE);
    return rb_funcall(x, rb_intern("|"), 1, y);
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   fix ^ integer  ->  integer_result
 *
 * Bitwise EXCLUSIVE OR.
 */

static VALUE
fix_xor(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (FIXNUM_P(y)) {
        long val = FIX2LONG(x) ^ FIX2LONG(y);
        return LONG2NUM(val);
    }

    if (RB_TYPE_P(y, T_BIGNUM)) {
        return rb_big_xor(y, x);
    }

    bit_coerce(&x, &y, TRUE);
    return rb_funcall(x, rb_intern("^"), 1, y);
}

static VALUE fix_lshift(long, unsigned long);
static VALUE fix_rshift(long, unsigned long);

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   fix << count  ->  integer
 *
 * Shifts +fix+ left +count+ positions, or right if +count+ is negative.
 */

static VALUE
rb_fix_lshift(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    long val, width;

    val = NUM2LONG(x);
    if (!FIXNUM_P(y))
        return rb_big_lshift(rb_int2big(val), y);
    width = FIX2LONG(y);
    if (width < 0)
        return fix_rshift(val, (unsigned long)-width);
    return fix_lshift(val, width);
}

static VALUE
fix_lshift(long val, unsigned long width)
{
    if (width > (SIZEOF_LONG*CHAR_BIT-1)
        || ((unsigned long)val)>>(SIZEOF_LONG*CHAR_BIT-1-width) > 0) {
        return rb_big_lshift(rb_int2big(val), ULONG2NUM(width));
    }
    val = val << width;
    return LONG2NUM(val);
}

/*
 * call-seq:
 *   fix >> count  ->  integer
 *
 * Shifts +fix+ right +count+ positions, or left if +count+ is negative.
 */

static VALUE
rb_fix_rshift(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    long i, val;

    val = FIX2LONG(x);
    if (!FIXNUM_P(y))
        return rb_big_rshift(rb_int2big(val), y);
    i = FIX2LONG(y);
    if (i == 0) return x;
    if (i < 0)
        return fix_lshift(val, (unsigned long)-i);
    return fix_rshift(val, i);
}

static VALUE
fix_rshift(long val, unsigned long i)
{
    if (i >= sizeof(long)*CHAR_BIT-1) {
        if (val < 0) return INT2FIX(-1);
        return INT2FIX(0);
    }
    val = RSHIFT(val, i);
    return LONG2FIX(val);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     fix[n]  ->  0, 1
 *
 *  Bit Reference---Returns the +n+th bit in the binary representation of
 *  +fix+, where <code>fix[0]</code> is the least significant bit.
 *
 *  For example:
 *
 *     a = 0b11001100101010
 *     30.downto(0) do |n| print a[n] end
 *     #=> 0000000000000000011001100101010
 */

static VALUE
fix_aref(VALUE fix, VALUE idx)
{
    long val = FIX2LONG(fix);
    long i;

    idx = rb_to_int(idx);
    if (!FIXNUM_P(idx)) {
        idx = rb_big_norm(idx);
        if (!FIXNUM_P(idx)) {
            if (!RBIGNUM_SIGN(idx) || val >= 0)
                return INT2FIX(0);
            return INT2FIX(1);
        }
    }
    i = FIX2LONG(idx);

    if (i < 0) return INT2FIX(0);
    if (SIZEOF_LONG*CHAR_BIT-1 <= i) {
        if (val < 0) return INT2FIX(1);
        return INT2FIX(0);
    }
    if (val & (1L<<i))
        return INT2FIX(1);
    return INT2FIX(0);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     fix.to_f  ->  float
 *
 *  Converts +fix+ to a Float.
 *
 */

static VALUE
fix_to_f(VALUE num)
{
    double val;

    val = (double)FIX2LONG(num);

    return DBL2NUM(val);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     fix.abs        ->  integer
 *     fix.magnitude  ->  integer
 *
 *  Returns the absolute value of +fix+.
 *
 *     -12345.abs   #=> 12345
 *     12345.abs    #=> 12345
 *
 */

static VALUE
fix_abs(VALUE fix)
{
    long i = FIX2LONG(fix);

    if (i < 0) i = -i;

    return LONG2NUM(i);
}



/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     fix.size  ->  fixnum
 *
 *  Returns the number of bytes in the machine representation of +fix+.
 *
 *     1.size            #=> 4
 *     -1.size           #=> 4
 *     2147483647.size   #=> 4
 */

static VALUE
fix_size(VALUE fix)
{
    return INT2FIX(sizeof(long));
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     int.bit_length -> integer
 *
 *  Returns the number of bits of the value of <i>int</i>.
 *
 *  "the number of bits" means that
 *  the bit position of the highest bit which is different to the sign bit.
 *  (The bit position of the bit 2**n is n+1.)
 *  If there is no such bit (zero or minus one), zero is returned.
 *
 *  I.e. This method returns ceil(log2(int < 0 ? -int : int+1)).
 *
 *     (-2**12-1).bit_length     #=> 13
 *     (-2**12).bit_length       #=> 12
 *     (-2**12+1).bit_length     #=> 12
 *     -0x101.bit_length         #=> 9
 *     -0x100.bit_length         #=> 8
 *     -0xff.bit_length          #=> 8
 *     -2.bit_length             #=> 1
 *     -1.bit_length             #=> 0
 *     0.bit_length              #=> 0
 *     1.bit_length              #=> 1
 *     0xff.bit_length           #=> 8
 *     0x100.bit_length          #=> 9
 *     (2**12-1).bit_length      #=> 12
 *     (2**12).bit_length        #=> 13
 *     (2**12+1).bit_length      #=> 13
 */

static VALUE
rb_fix_bit_length(VALUE fix)
{
    long v = FIX2LONG(fix);
    if (v < 0)
        v = ~v;
    return LONG2FIX(bit_length(v));
}

static VALUE
int_upto_size(VALUE from, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
{
    return ruby_num_interval_step_size(from, RARRAY_AREF(args, 0), INT2FIX(1), FALSE);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     int.upto(limit) {|i| block }  ->  self
 *     int.upto(limit)               ->  an_enumerator
 *
 *  Iterates the given block, passing in integer values from +int+ up to and
 *  including +limit+.
 *
 *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
 *
 *  For example:
 *
 *     5.upto(10) { |i| print i, " " }
 *     #=> 5 6 7 8 9 10
 */

static VALUE
int_upto(VALUE from, VALUE to)
{
    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(from, 1, &to, int_upto_size);
    if (FIXNUM_P(from) && FIXNUM_P(to)) {
        long i, end;

        end = FIX2LONG(to);
        for (i = FIX2LONG(from); i <= end; i++) {
            rb_yield(LONG2FIX(i));
        }
    }
    else {
        VALUE i = from, c;

        while (!(c = rb_funcall(i, '>', 1, to))) {
            rb_yield(i);
            i = rb_funcall(i, '+', 1, INT2FIX(1));
        }
        if (NIL_P(c)) rb_cmperr(i, to);
    }
    return from;
}

static VALUE
int_downto_size(VALUE from, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
{
    return ruby_num_interval_step_size(from, RARRAY_AREF(args, 0), INT2FIX(-1), FALSE);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     int.downto(limit) {|i| block }  ->  self
 *     int.downto(limit)               ->  an_enumerator
 *
 *  Iterates the given block, passing decreasing values from +int+ down to and
 *  including +limit+.
 *
 *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
 *
 *     5.downto(1) { |n| print n, ".. " }
 *     print "  Liftoff!\n"
 *     #=> "5.. 4.. 3.. 2.. 1..   Liftoff!"
 */

static VALUE
int_downto(VALUE from, VALUE to)
{
    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(from, 1, &to, int_downto_size);
    if (FIXNUM_P(from) && FIXNUM_P(to)) {
        long i, end;

        end = FIX2LONG(to);
        for (i=FIX2LONG(from); i >= end; i--) {
            rb_yield(LONG2FIX(i));
        }
    }
    else {
        VALUE i = from, c;

        while (!(c = rb_funcall(i, '<', 1, to))) {
            rb_yield(i);
            i = rb_funcall(i, '-', 1, INT2FIX(1));
        }
        if (NIL_P(c)) rb_cmperr(i, to);
    }
    return from;
}

static VALUE
int_dotimes_size(VALUE num, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
{
    if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
        if (NUM2LONG(num) <= 0) return INT2FIX(0);
    }
    else {
        if (RTEST(rb_funcall(num, '<', 1, INT2FIX(0)))) return INT2FIX(0);
    }
    return num;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     int.times {|i| block }  ->  self
 *     int.times               ->  an_enumerator
 *
 *  Iterates the given block +int+ times, passing in values from zero to
 *  <code>int - 1</code>.
 *
 *  If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
 *
 *     5.times do |i|
 *       print i, " "
 *     end
 *     #=> 0 1 2 3 4
 */

static VALUE
int_dotimes(VALUE num)
{
    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(num, 0, 0, int_dotimes_size);

    if (FIXNUM_P(num)) {
        long i, end;

        end = FIX2LONG(num);
        for (i=0; i<end; i++) {
            rb_yield(LONG2FIX(i));
        }
    }
    else {
        VALUE i = INT2FIX(0);

        for (;;) {
            if (!RTEST(rb_funcall(i, '<', 1, num))) break;
            rb_yield(i);
            i = rb_funcall(i, '+', 1, INT2FIX(1));
        }
    }
    return num;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     int.round([ndigits])  ->  integer or float
 *
 *  Rounds +int+ to a given precision in decimal digits (default 0 digits).
 *
 *  Precision may be negative.  Returns a floating point number when +ndigits+
 *  is positive, +self+ for zero, and round down for negative.
 *
 *     1.round        #=> 1
 *     1.round(2)     #=> 1.0
 *     15.round(-1)   #=> 20
 */

static VALUE
int_round(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE num)
{
    VALUE n;
    int ndigits;

    if (argc == 0) return num;
    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1", &n);
    ndigits = NUM2INT(n);
    if (ndigits > 0) {
        return rb_Float(num);
    }
    if (ndigits == 0) {
        return num;
    }
    return int_round_0(num, ndigits);
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     fix.zero?  ->  true or false
 *
 *  Returns +true+ if +fix+ is zero.
 *
 */

static VALUE
fix_zero_p(VALUE num)
{
    if (FIX2LONG(num) == 0) {
        return Qtrue;
    }
    return Qfalse;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     fix.odd?  ->  true or false
 *
 *  Returns +true+ if +fix+ is an odd number.
 */

static VALUE
fix_odd_p(VALUE num)
{
    if (num & 2) {
        return Qtrue;
    }
    return Qfalse;
}

/*
 *  call-seq:
 *     fix.even?  ->  true or false
 *
 *  Returns +true+ if +fix+ is an even number.
 */

static VALUE
fix_even_p(VALUE num)
{
    if (num & 2) {
        return Qfalse;
    }
    return Qtrue;
}

/*
 *  Document-class: ZeroDivisionError
 *
 *  Raised when attempting to divide an integer by 0.
 *
 *     42 / 0
 *     #=> ZeroDivisionError: divided by 0
 *
 *  Note that only division by an exact 0 will raise the exception:
 *
 *     42 /  0.0 #=> Float::INFINITY
 *     42 / -0.0 #=> -Float::INFINITY
 *     0  /  0.0 #=> NaN
 */

/*
 *  Document-class: FloatDomainError
 *
 *  Raised when attempting to convert special float values (in particular
 *  +infinite+ or +NaN+) to numerical classes which don't support them.
 *
 *     Float::INFINITY.to_r
 *     #=> FloatDomainError: Infinity
 */

/*
 *  The top-level number class.
 */
void
Init_Numeric(void)
{
#undef rb_intern
#define rb_intern(str) rb_intern_const(str)

#if defined(__FreeBSD__) && __FreeBSD__ < 4
    /* allow divide by zero -- Inf */
    fpsetmask(fpgetmask() & ~(FP_X_DZ|FP_X_INV|FP_X_OFL));
#elif defined(_UNICOSMP)
    /* Turn off floating point exceptions for divide by zero, etc. */
    _set_Creg(0, 0);
#elif defined(__BORLANDC__)
    /* Turn off floating point exceptions for overflow, etc. */
    _control87(MCW_EM, MCW_EM);
    _control87(_control87(0,0),0x1FFF);
#endif
    id_coerce = rb_intern("coerce");
    id_to_i = rb_intern("to_i");
    id_eq = rb_intern("==");
    id_div = rb_intern("div");
    id_cmp = rb_intern("<=>");

    rb_eZeroDivError = rb_define_class("ZeroDivisionError", rb_eStandardError);
    rb_eFloatDomainError = rb_define_class("FloatDomainError", rb_eRangeError);
    rb_cNumeric = rb_define_class("Numeric", rb_cObject);

    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "singleton_method_added", num_sadded, 1);
    rb_include_module(rb_cNumeric, rb_mComparable);
    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "initialize_copy", num_init_copy, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "coerce", num_coerce, 1);

    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "i", num_imaginary, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "+@", num_uplus, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "-@", num_uminus, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "<=>", num_cmp, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "eql?", num_eql, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "fdiv", num_fdiv, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "div", num_div, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "divmod", num_divmod, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "%", num_modulo, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "modulo", num_modulo, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "remainder", num_remainder, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "abs", num_abs, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "magnitude", num_abs, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "to_int", num_to_int, 0);

    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "real?", num_real_p, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "integer?", num_int_p, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "zero?", num_zero_p, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "nonzero?", num_nonzero_p, 0);

    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "floor", num_floor, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "ceil", num_ceil, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "round", num_round, -1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "truncate", num_truncate, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "step", num_step, -1);

    rb_cInteger = rb_define_class("Integer", rb_cNumeric);
    rb_undef_alloc_func(rb_cInteger);
    rb_undef_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cInteger), "new");

    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "integer?", int_int_p, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "odd?", int_odd_p, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "even?", int_even_p, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "upto", int_upto, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "downto", int_downto, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "times", int_dotimes, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "succ", int_succ, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "next", int_succ, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "pred", int_pred, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "chr", int_chr, -1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "ord", int_ord, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "to_i", int_to_i, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "to_int", int_to_i, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "floor", int_to_i, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "ceil", int_to_i, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "truncate", int_to_i, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cInteger, "round", int_round, -1);

    rb_cFixnum = rb_define_class("Fixnum", rb_cInteger);

    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "to_s", fix_to_s, -1);
    rb_define_alias(rb_cFixnum, "inspect", "to_s");

    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "-@", fix_uminus, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "+", fix_plus, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "-", fix_minus, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "*", fix_mul, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "/", fix_div, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "div", fix_idiv, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "%", fix_mod, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "modulo", fix_mod, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "divmod", fix_divmod, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "fdiv", fix_fdiv, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "**", fix_pow, 1);

    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "abs", fix_abs, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "magnitude", fix_abs, 0);

    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "==", fix_equal, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "===", fix_equal, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "<=>", fix_cmp, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, ">",  fix_gt, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, ">=", fix_ge, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "<",  fix_lt, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "<=", fix_le, 1);

    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "~", fix_rev, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "&", fix_and, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "|", fix_or,  1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "^", fix_xor, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "[]", fix_aref, 1);

    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "<<", rb_fix_lshift, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, ">>", rb_fix_rshift, 1);

    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "to_f", fix_to_f, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "size", fix_size, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "bit_length", rb_fix_bit_length, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "zero?", fix_zero_p, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "odd?", fix_odd_p, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "even?", fix_even_p, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFixnum, "succ", fix_succ, 0);

    rb_cFloat  = rb_define_class("Float", rb_cNumeric);

    rb_undef_alloc_func(rb_cFloat);
    rb_undef_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cFloat), "new");

    /*
     *  Represents the rounding mode for floating point addition.
     *
     *  Usually defaults to 1, rounding to the nearest number.
     *
     *  Other modes include:
     *
     *  -1::    Indeterminable
     *  0::     Rounding towards zero
     *  1::     Rounding to the nearest number
     *  2::     Rounding towards positive infinity
     *  3::     Rounding towards negative infinity
     */
    rb_define_const(rb_cFloat, "ROUNDS", INT2FIX(FLT_ROUNDS));
    /*
     *  The base of the floating point, or number of unique digits used to
     *  represent the number.
     *
     *  Usually defaults to 2 on most systems, which would represent a base-10 decimal.
     */
    rb_define_const(rb_cFloat, "RADIX", INT2FIX(FLT_RADIX));
    /*
     * The number of base digits for the +double+ data type.
     *
     * Usually defaults to 53.
     */
    rb_define_const(rb_cFloat, "MANT_DIG", INT2FIX(DBL_MANT_DIG));
    /*
     *  The number of decimal digits in a double-precision floating point.
     *
     *  Usually defaults to 15.
     */
    rb_define_const(rb_cFloat, "DIG", INT2FIX(DBL_DIG));
    /*
     *  The smallest posable exponent value in a double-precision floating
     *  point.
     *
     *  Usually defaults to -1021.
     */
    rb_define_const(rb_cFloat, "MIN_EXP", INT2FIX(DBL_MIN_EXP));
    /*
     *  The largest possible exponent value in a double-precision floating
     *  point.
     *
     *  Usually defaults to 1024.
     */
    rb_define_const(rb_cFloat, "MAX_EXP", INT2FIX(DBL_MAX_EXP));
    /*
     *  The smallest negative exponent in a double-precision floating point
     *  where 10 raised to this power minus 1.
     *
     *  Usually defaults to -307.
     */
    rb_define_const(rb_cFloat, "MIN_10_EXP", INT2FIX(DBL_MIN_10_EXP));
    /*
     *  The largest positive exponent in a double-precision floating point where
     *  10 raised to this power minus 1.
     *
     *  Usually defaults to 308.
     */
    rb_define_const(rb_cFloat, "MAX_10_EXP", INT2FIX(DBL_MAX_10_EXP));
    /*
     *  The smallest positive integer in a double-precision floating point.
     *
     *  Usually defaults to 2.2250738585072014e-308.
     */
    rb_define_const(rb_cFloat, "MIN", DBL2NUM(DBL_MIN));
    /*
     *  The largest possible integer in a double-precision floating point number.
     *
     *  Usually defaults to 1.7976931348623157e+308.
     */
    rb_define_const(rb_cFloat, "MAX", DBL2NUM(DBL_MAX));
    /*
     *  The difference between 1 and the smallest double-precision floating
     *  point number.
     *
     *  Usually defaults to 2.2204460492503131e-16.
     */
    rb_define_const(rb_cFloat, "EPSILON", DBL2NUM(DBL_EPSILON));
    /*
     *  An expression representing positive infinity.
     */
    rb_define_const(rb_cFloat, "INFINITY", DBL2NUM(INFINITY));
    /*
     *  An expression representing a value which is "not a number".
     */
    rb_define_const(rb_cFloat, "NAN", DBL2NUM(NAN));

    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "to_s", flo_to_s, 0);
    rb_define_alias(rb_cFloat, "inspect", "to_s");
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "coerce", flo_coerce, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "-@", flo_uminus, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "+", flo_plus, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "-", flo_minus, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "*", flo_mul, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "/", flo_div, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "quo", flo_quo, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "fdiv", flo_quo, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "%", flo_mod, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "modulo", flo_mod, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "divmod", flo_divmod, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "**", flo_pow, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "==", flo_eq, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "===", flo_eq, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "<=>", flo_cmp, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, ">",  flo_gt, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, ">=", flo_ge, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "<",  flo_lt, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "<=", flo_le, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "eql?", flo_eql, 1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "hash", flo_hash, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "to_f", flo_to_f, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "abs", flo_abs, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "magnitude", flo_abs, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "zero?", flo_zero_p, 0);

    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "to_i", flo_truncate, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "to_int", flo_truncate, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "floor", flo_floor, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "ceil", flo_ceil, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "round", flo_round, -1);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "truncate", flo_truncate, 0);

    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "nan?",      flo_is_nan_p, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "infinite?", flo_is_infinite_p, 0);
    rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "finite?",   flo_is_finite_p, 0);

    id_to = rb_intern("to");
    id_by = rb_intern("by");
}

#undef rb_float_value
double
rb_float_value(VALUE v)
{
    return rb_float_value_inline(v);
}

#undef rb_float_new
VALUE
rb_float_new(double d)
{
    return rb_float_new_inline(d);
}

---